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Itch-grass,
Rottboellia cochinchinensis
Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate rachis, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Chinese Silvergrass,
Miscanthus sinensis
Spikelets with a tuft of silky hairs about as long as glumes, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Japanese Stiltgrass,
Microstegium vimineum
Terminal, thin and spikelike raceme, to 3" long, per Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests (Miller, 2003).
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Japanese Stiltgrass,
Microstegium vimineum
Spikelets in one to three terminal upright fingers, per Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses (Murphy et al., 1992).
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Silver Plumegrass,
Erianthus alopecuroides
Awn twisted, bristle hairs from spikelet base longer than spikelet, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Silver Plumegrass,
Erianthus alopecuroides
Callus beard exceeds spikelet. Awn spirally twisted, flattened basally, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Bent-awn Plumegrass,
Erianthus contortus
Callus hairs dense, from about half to nearly as long as the spikelet, per Weakley's Flora.
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Sugarcane Plumegrass,
Erianthus giganteus
Spikelets well separated at flowering, then expanding into a plumelike mass, per Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers (Nelson, 2006).
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Sugarcane Plumegrass,
Erianthus giganteus
Callus beard exceeds spikelet. Awn nearly straight, terete, scaberulous, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Hairy Jointgrass,
Arthraxon hispidus var. hispidus
Spikelets not paired, unaccompanied by a vestige, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Common Little Bluestem,
Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium
Flower spikes are solitary from long stalks at intervals along the stem, per Wildflowers of the Sandhills Region (Sorrie, 2011).
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Common Little Bluestem,
Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium
Schizachyrium's spikes not split into two racemes, like those of Andropogon, per Wildflowers of the Sandhills Region (Sorrie, 2011).
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Johnsongrass,
Sorghum halepense
Spikelets paired: one silky and sessile, one stalked and smooth, both w awns, per Wildflowers of Tennessee (Carman, 2005).
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Yellow Indiangrass,
Sorghastrum nutans
Spikelets 6-8 mm long, lanceolate, hirsute, the awns 10-15 mm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Lopsided Indiangrass,
Sorghastrum secundum
Spikelets yellowish-brown, ~ 7mm long, pilose, with densely bearded callus, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Elliot's Indiangrass,
Sorghastrum elliottii
Spikelets 6-7mm long, the awns 25-35mm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Corn,
Zea mays ssp. mays
Staminate spikelets in a terminal, paniculate inflorescence, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Gama Grass,
Tripsacum dactyloides var. dactyloides
Flowers unisexual, male above female on the same spike, per Wildflowers of the Eastern United States (Duncan & Duncan, 1999).
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Centipede Grass,
Eremochloa ophiuroides
Fertile spikelets embedded in a fleshy rachis (resembling a rattail) or a cob, per Weakley's Flora.
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Centipede Grass,
Eremochloa ophiuroides
A solitary, terminal, 1-sided raceme of closely overlapping spikelets, per Flora of China.
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Annual Greenhead Sedge,
Cyperus hortensis
Spikes 1-3, greenish, cylindric to subglobose, sessile, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Whitehead Sedge,
Cyperus sesquiflorus
1-3(4) ovoid to ellipsoid whitish spikes subtended by (2)3-4 horizontal bracts, per Flora of North America.
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Whitehead Sedge,
Cyperus sesquiflorus
A mat-forming, aromatic perennial with conspicuously white spikelets, per Manual of Vascular Plants of NE US & Adjacent Canada (Gleason & Cronquist, 1991).
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Crested Greenhead Sedge,
Cyperus metzii
Inflorescences of former Kyliinga spp. are unbranched (the spikes sessile), per Weakley's Flora (2020).
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Crested Greenhead Sedge,
Cyperus metzii
The solitary spike is subglobose, 6-10mm in diameter, per Flora of North America.
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Granite Flatsedge,
Cyperus granitophilus
Spikes congested, subglobose. Bracts 2-5, 1-8cm long, 1-2mm wide, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Granite Flatsedge,
Cyperus granitophilus
Spikelets quadrangular in cross-section, per Weakley's Flora (2020).
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Fragrant Flatsedge,
Cyperus odoratus var. odoratus
Bottle-brush shaped spike clusters radiating from whorl of leaf-like bracts, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Fragrant Flatsedge,
Cyperus odoratus var. odoratus
Bracts numerous, 3-7mm wide. Spikes numerous, congested, loosely cylindric, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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jointed flatsedge,
Cyperus articulatus
Spikes usually numerous, congested, appearing as irregular clusters, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Redroot Flatsedge,
Cyperus erythrorhizos
Spikes numerous, congested, cylindrical. Central sessile, lateral rays unequal, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Rice-field Flatsedge,
Cyperus iria
Spikes numerous in irregularly ascending, umbellate clusters, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Poorland Flatsedge,
Cyperus compressus
Spikes 1-6, in subglobose clusters. Peduncles to 10cm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Poorland Flatsedge,
Cyperus compressus
Spikelets digitate or subdigitate, broadly linear to slightly tetragonal, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Green Flatsedge,
Cyperus virens
Spikes numerous in congested umbellate clusters. Spikelets digitate, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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False Nutsedge,
Cyperus strigosus var. strigosus
Spikelets pinnate, linear, usually many-flowered, 5-25mm long, 1.5mm broad, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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False Nutsedge,
Cyperus strigosus var. strigosus
Spikes 5-10 or more, congested or open, narrowly to broadly cylindric, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Many-flowered Flatsedge,
Cyperus lancastriensis
Leaves and inf. bracts mostly >10mm wide. Spikes dense; spikelets subterete, per Weakley's Flora (2020).
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Rough Flatsedge,
Cyperus retrofractus
Rays glabrous or rarely w a few hairs just below spike; longest ray shorter than longest bract, per Weakley's Flora (2023).
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Rough Flatsedge,
Cyperus retrofractus
Spikes strongly narrowed to the base; all but the uppermost spikelets strongly reflexed, per Weakley's Flora (2023).
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Starburst Flatsedge,
Cyperus plukenetii
Rays scabrid [rough]; longest ray ≥ longest bract; spikes tight, burlike, turbinate [top-shaped], per Weakley's Flora (2023).
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Starburst Flatsedge,
Cyperus plukenetii
Spikes strongly obovate, composed of many sharp, backward-oriented scales, per Wildflowers of the Sandhills Region (Sorrie, 2011).
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Pineland Flatsedge,
Cyperus retrorsus
Spikes cylindric or subcylindric, less than 1cm broad, less than 3x as long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Baldwin's Flatsedge,
Cyperus croceus
Spikes subglobose, dense, 5-20mm broad, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Southeastern Flatsedge,
Cyperus filiculmis
Spikes subglobose, 5-30mm broad, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Deep-rooted Sedge,
Cyperus entrerianus
5-11 rays to 13cm long, each terminated by a dense ~ capitate spike, per Cyperus entrerianus: A Little Known Aggressive Sedge in the Southeastern United States (Carter & Bryson, 1996).
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Threeway Sedge,
Dulichium arundinaceum var. arundinaceum
Short axillary clusters of spikelets (vs. Cyperus with terminal spikelets), per Wildflowers of the Eastern United States (Duncan & Duncan, 1999).
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Horsetail Spikerush,
Eleocharis equisetoides
Spikes many-flowered, not wider than stem; stem knotted or jointed, per Field Guide to the Grasses, Sedges & Rushes of the US (Knobel, 1899) (Faust, 1977).
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Squarestem Spikerush,
Eleocharis quadrangulata
Flowers (scales) 50-100 per spike, arranged in obvious spiral rows, per Weakley's Flora (2020).
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Canada spikesedge,
Eleocharis geniculata
Culms producing at least some fertile spikelets, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Canada spikesedge,
Eleocharis geniculata
Spikes ovoid to subglobose; achene body 0.7-1.0 mm long, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Canada spikesedge,
Eleocharis geniculata
Spike abruptly expanded from the culm, > 2x thick as culm immediately below, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Densetuft Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis capillaris ssp. capillaris
Spikelets red-brown, ovoid to lanceoloid, 3-5mm, per Flora of North America.
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Savannah Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis ciliatifolia
inflorescence a simple (rarely compound) umbel of few (3-9) lance-ovoid spikelets, per Weakley's Flora (2023).
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Elliott's Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis coarctata
Inflorescence a compound (rarely simple) umbel of many (8-30) spikelets, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Ware's Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis warei
Spikelets in a dense solitary terminal cluster, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Ware's Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis warei
Spikelets sessile, the inflorescence thus a capitate cluster, per Weakley's Flora.
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Sandy-field Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis stenophylla
Inflorescence bracts many & conspicuous, much exceeding spikelet cluster, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Old World Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis barbata
Inflorescence bracts few & inconspicuous, none (1?) exceeding spikelet cluster, per Weakley's Flora.
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Old World Hairsedge,
Bulbostylis barbata
Spikelets sessile, the inflorescence thus a capitate cluster, per Weakley's Flora.