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Common Reed,
Phragmites australis
Panicle tawny or purplish, 15-40cm long, the branches ascending, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Southern Sandgrass,
Triplasis americana
Spikelets usually purplish. Lemmas deeply cleft, awn more than 5mm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Purple Sandgrass,
Triplasis purpurea var. purpurea
Spikelets usually purplish. Lemmas cleft, awns straight, 0.5-1.5mm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Downy Brome,
Bromus tectorum
Lemmas narrowly lanceolate, toothed, with slender straight awns, per www.invasive.org.
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Poverty Brome,
Bromus sterilis
Spikelets 2.5-3.5cm long, 6-10 flowered; lemma awn 2-3cm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Poverty Brome,
Bromus sterilis
Lemma awns 15-30mm, as long as or longer than lemma body, slender, straight, per Flora of North America.
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Smooth Brome,
Bromus inermis
The bract enclosing the flower (the lemma) does not have a bristle (awn), per Invasive Plants, Guide to Identification, Impacts and Control (Kaufman & Kaufman, 2007).
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Hairy Woodland Brome,
Bromus pubescens
Lemmas 5-7 nerved, rounded, pubescent, 10-11mm long, awns 2.5-6mm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Hairy Chess,
Bromus commutatus
Pedicels longer than the spikelets; lemma awns 5-12mm long, straight, per Weakley's Flora (2015).
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Southern Six-weeks Fescue,
Festuca octoflora var. octoflora
Lemma awns 0.3-6(9)mm long; spikelets w 5-11(-more) closely imbricate florets, per Weakley's Flora.
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Tall Fescue,
Lolium arundinaceum
Spikelets have 3-6 florets and lack awns. L. pratense is very similar, per Vascular Plants of North Carolina.
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Italian Ryegrass,
Lolium multiflorum
At least upper lemmas awned (awns to 15mm long), per Weakley's Flora.
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Cereal Rye,
Secale cereale
Spike 6-15cm long including awns, 12-15mm broad, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Cereal Rye,
Secale cereale
The lemmas have awns 2-6 cm long, per Weakley's Flora (2023).
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Common Bottlebrush Grass,
Elymus hystrix var. hystrix
Lemmas convex, rigid, tapering into slender, straight awns 1-4cm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Common Bottlebrush Grass,
Elymus hystrix var. hystrix
Awned spikelets spread at right angles to rachis; glumes absent or reduced, per How to Know the Grasses: Pictured Key Nature Series (Pohl, 1954).
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Silky Oatgrass,
Danthonia sericea
Lemma awn more than 10mm long, lemma body villous, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Bog Oatgrass,
Danthonia epilis
Lemmas villous only on the margins and toward the base; awn twisted at base a single time, per Weakley's Flora (2023).
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Appalachian Hairgrass,
Avenella flexuosa
Spikelets have 2 fertile flowers, each with a lemma with a striking bent awn, per Wildflowers & Plant Communities of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont (Spira, 2011).
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Elegant Hairgrass,
Aira elegans
Pedicels usually 2-8× long as spikelets; upper lemma awn 1.5-2.5mm, per Weakley's Flora (2020).
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Green Needlegrass,
Piptochaetium avenaceum
Glumes 1.5cm long; lemma dark brown, 9-10mm long; awn 4.5-6cm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Green Needlegrass,
Piptochaetium avenaceum
Awns twisted, 4-6 cm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Seaside Three-awn,
Aristida tuberculosa
Awns 30-40mm long, not including "column" of connivent awns twisted together, per Weakley's Flora.
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Carolina Wiregrass,
Aristida stricta
Awns divergent, the central 1-1.5cm long, the lateral a little shorter, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Southern Wiregrass,
Aristida beyrichiana
Awns divergent, the central 1-1.5cm long, the lateral a little shorter, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Southeastern Slimspike Three-awn,
Aristida longespica
Central awn sharply curved at base, spreading; lateral awns erect, shorter, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Arrowfeather,
Aristida purpurascens
Awns divergent, 10-25mm long, central awn ascending, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Arrowfeather,
Aristida purpurascens
Spikelets with 3 straight to spreading awns, 12-25mm long, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Big Three-awn,
Aristida condensata
Awns equal, divergent, 10-15mm long, the base more or less contorted, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Pink Muhlygrass,
Muhlenbergia capillaris
Spikelets one-flowered, awns 3-12mm long, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Nimblewill,
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Ear [inflorescence] 5" long; earlet [spikelet] sharp pointed with 1 long awn, per Field Guide to the Grasses, Sedges & Rushes of the US (Knobel, 1899) (Faust, 1977).
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Bearded Shorthusk,
Brachyelytrum erectum
Inflorescence ~ 4-7" long, spikelets strongly ascending with very long awns, per Vascular Plants of North Carolina.
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Toothache Grass,
Ctenium aromaticum
A recurved 1-sided spike bearing spikelets in 2 rows, with conspicuous awns, per Atlantic Coastal Plain Wildflowers (Nelson, 2006).
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Goosegrass,
Eleusine indica
Spikelets in 2 rows on one side of spikes, lemmas and glumes awnless, per Wildflowers of the Eastern United States (Duncan & Duncan, 1999).
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Bermuda Grass,
Cynodon dactylon
Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, sessile in 2 rows along one side of rachis, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Shortleaf Basketgrass,
Oplismenus setarius
Racemes subglobose, each w about 5 spikelets; awn of first glume 4-8mm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Wavyleaf Basketgrass,
Oplismenus undulatifolius
Florets pinkish w long sticky awns that readily adhere to animals & people, per New Invaders of the Southeast (Rawlins et al., 2018).
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Rough Barnyard-grass,
Echinochloa muricata var. muricata
Spikelets > 3.5mm long. Sterile lemma usually awned, the awn 6-25mm long, per Weakley's Flora.
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Itch-grass,
Rottboellia cochinchinensis
Spikelets awnless, in pairs at the nodes of a thickened articulate rachis, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Silver Plumegrass,
Erianthus alopecuroides
Inflorescence of many racemes in a dense, silvery to tawny, plume, per Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians (Horn, Cathcart, Hemmerly, & Duhl, 2005).
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Silver Plumegrass,
Erianthus alopecuroides
Awn twisted, bristle hairs from spikelet base longer than spikelet, per Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses (Miller & Miller, 2005).
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Silver Plumegrass,
Erianthus alopecuroides
Callus beard exceeds spikelet. Awn spirally twisted, flattened basally, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Bent-awn Plumegrass,
Erianthus contortus
Awn spirally twisted, flattened basally, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Sugarcane Plumegrass,
Erianthus giganteus
Callus beard exceeds spikelet. Awn nearly straight, terete, scaberulous, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Big Bluestem,
Andropogon gerardi
Bristles (awns) that project from the flowers are sharply bent, per Book of Field and Roadside (Eastman, 2003).
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Johnsongrass,
Sorghum halepense
Spikelets paired: one silky and sessile, one stalked and smooth, both w awns, per Wildflowers of Tennessee (Carman, 2005).
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Yellow Indiangrass,
Sorghastrum nutans
Spikelets 6-8 mm long, lanceolate, hirsute, the awns 10-15 mm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Lopsided Indiangrass,
Sorghastrum secundum
Awn 20-35mm long, twice-geniculate, twisted below second the bend, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Elliot's Indiangrass,
Sorghastrum elliottii
Spikelets 6-7mm long, the awns 25-35mm long, per Manual of the Grasses of the United States (Hitchcock & Chase, 1950).
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Longstalk Sedge,
Carex pedunculata var. pedunculata
Midrib of pistillate scales extending to an awn that may greatly exceed the tip of the perigynia, per www.minnesotawildflowers.info.
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Orange Daylily,
Hemerocallis fulva
Flowers tawny-orange (or variants), not fragrant; inner tepal margins wavy, per Weakley's Flora (2018).
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Carolina Redroot,
Lachnanthes caroliniana
Stems distally whitish villous-tomentose when young, becoming tawny-hoary, per Flora of North America.
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Beaked Hazelnut,
Corylus cornuta var. cornuta
Fruit husk drawn out into an elongate beak and covered by short stiff hairs, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Black Oak,
Quercus velutina
Leaf blades leathery, upper surfaces shiny, lower w tawny hairs along veins, per Native Trees of the Southeast, An Identification Guide (Kirkman, Brown, & Leopold, 2007).
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Running Oak,
Quercus elliottii
Leaves usually unlobed, awned at tip, grayish and pubescent on undersurface, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Sawtooth Oak,
Quercus acutissima
Leaves resemble those of Castanea, with awn-terminated marginal teeth, per Woody Plants of the Southeastern US: A Winter Guide (Lance, 2004).
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Small-flowered Buttercup,
Ranunculus parviflorus
A weed in lawns and waste areas, soft-hairy, with flowers only 1/8" across, per Wildflowers of the Southern Mountains (Smith, 1998).
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Aaron's Rod,
Thermopsis villosa
Rachis and calyx tawny-tomentose, pedicels strongly ascendent, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Crimson Clover,
Trifolium incarnatum
Calyx densely tawny villous, lobes at first erect but later wide-spreading, per Vascular Flora of the Carolinas (Radford, Ahles, & Bell, 1968).
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Spiked Hoary-pea,
Tephrosia spicata
Plants conspicuously tawny long-pilose with rusty brown hairs, per Weakley's Flora (2015).